MANDAILING CULTURE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW
By Edi Nasution
7. Traditional Arts
Just like
other ethnic groups in the world, that Mandailing ethnic groups also have a
wide variety of traditional arts as a legacy of the ancestors who passed down
through the generations from one generation to the next. Mandailing traditional
art can be classified into the art form of music, singing, dance, and
literature, with the following brief description:
(a) Music
In all human
societies universally music is indeed one very important aspect. In human
life, music is not just a recreational activity or mere entertainment, but also
used for a variety of reasons ranging from indigenous interests and rituals
like the birth of a child, a child celebrating weddings, and respect for the
death of a parent; ask for blessings and expressions of gratitude the ruler of
the universe, to the preparation for war and seduce a girl at night. Uniquely,
every ethnic group in the world at large have concepts, rules and procedures in
making and using music.
And not a
few people who say that music is a ‘universal language’ because ‘music’ can be
understood and enjoyed by anyone who lives on the surface of the earth. But in
the context of traditional music culture that is owned by an ethnic group, such
a view would not apply. Therefore, the function and meaning of ‘traditional
music’ that is owned by an ethnic group can only be fully understood by the
citizens of the ethnic group in question. To be able to appreciate ethnic music
(traditional), at least we (outsider) must understand the two main components
of any ethnic group culture, language and traditions of the music.
The term 'gondang' in Mandailing contains several
terms, namely: a musical instrument, a combination of a number of musical
instruments (ensemble), the name of the song or repertoire, rhythm or rhythmic,
certain types of music, and the music itself, which is very closely related to
the Mandailing other cultural elements.
As with
other tribes in the archipelago, the Mandailing also has a variety of
traditional music that situation very concern in today's era of globalization
because all are already on the verge of extinction. The traditional musical instruments Mandailing can be classified as follows:
~
Membranofon, namely: gordang sambilan,
gondang dua (gondang boru/gondang
topap), and gondang dikir.
Gordang sambilan custom music ensemble consists of 9 (nine)
piece drum major with the relatively large size and length (drum chime) is made
of
wood 'ingul' and played by four or
five men to wear bat made of wood (called ‘panokok’). The size and length of the drum ninth storey ranging from
the smallest to the biggest. Resonator tube is made by means of wood to make a hole
, and one end of the pit (the head) is closed with the 'membrane' which is made
of
lambskin dried (called 'jangat')
stretched with
rattan as well as a means of fastening.
The Ninth
drum has its own name which is not the same in all ‘huta’ (‘banua’) in
Mandailing. The names of the ‘gordang
sambilan’ instruments in Tamiang and Huta Pungkut (Mandailing Julu) from large to small are: (1) ‘jangat’ (siangkaan), (2) ‘jangat’ (silitonga) , (3 ) ‘jangat’ (sianggian); (4) ‘pangaloi’; (5) ‘pangaloi’; (6) ‘paniga’;
(7) ‘paniga’; ( 8 ) ‘udong-kudong’; and (9) ‘eneng-eneng’.
Figure. Gordang Sambilan.
Gordang smbilan as custom music ensemble played in a variety
of traditional ceremonies and rituals. As for 'repertoire of traditional music'
('gondang') by using gordang sambilan among others: (1) jolo-jolo turun; (2) alap-alap tondi; (3) sampuara batu magulang; (4) padang (roba) na mosok; (5) pamulihon; (6) udan potir; (7) aek magodang
(touk); (8) mamele begu; (9) mangido udan;
(10) and others.
While
indigenous musical ensembles ‘gondang dua’
(gondang boru/gondang yopap) consists of 2 ( two) two - sided drum - shaped
'barrel' and each played by one person. Two ‘gondang’ is usually used to accompany traditional dance ‘tortor’, ‘moncak', and ‘sarama’.
Figure. Gondang Dua.
As a unitary
ensemble, both on and gondang dua, gordang sambilan, also used musical
instruments 'metalopon' ( like ‘ogung’,
‘doal‘, ‘mongmongan’, and ‘talisasayat’),
and wind instruments such as ‘saleot’
and ‘sarune’. As for 'repertoire of
traditional music' (‘gondang’) played
in the ensemble ‘gondang dua’, among
others: (1) moncak (kutindik); (2) tortor (raja-raja, indek-indek, suhut, kahanggi, anak boru, mora, naposo nauli bulung)
( 3 ) tua, (4) and others.
‘Dikir’ is one form of Islamic art that
have long life and thrive in Mandailing. Performing arts dikir consists of three or four players ‘gondang dikir’ as ‘zikir’ praising, but sometimes one of the
players ‘gondang dikir’ while
simultaneously acting as the lead singer and the other acts as a ‘backup singer’.
Performing arts dikir is usually held
on the holy days of Islam as the Prophet's Birthday and Hari Raya Idil Fitri
Islam. In addition, the dikir often
performed in a traditional wedding ceremony as 'horja haroan boru' and 'mebat'.
‘Gondang dikir" is a kind of
large-sized tambourine with a diameter of 600 to 900 mm round shape. The top
was covered with a membrane of ox or goat skin, while the lower part is not
closed (open). As for the songs sung in Arabic using certain modes of musical
traditions Pan - Islam in Arabic. The theme song among other things, contains
the history of the Prophet Muhammad, the teachings of Islam and so forth.
Figure. Gondang Dikir.
~ Idiofon, among
others: etek (otuk), dongung-dongung,
and pior.
From around
the hillsides contained in Mandailing, bygone often we hear something
enchanting rhythmic sounds, comes from a percussion instrument called etek or otuk. Percussion instruments are made of bamboo and a half segment
(called ‘bulu soma’) diameter of
approximately 18 cm and at the center of the 'tube' made of
bamboo rectangular holes, of a width of 4 cm and so did approximately 35 cm in
length. Tube consists of a single bamboo segment and the second the ‘edged’ be left
intact. Approximately half of the remainder to the side sections shaped like
the letter 'U' by removing the middle. The remaining portion of bamboo on the
top and the bottom has a width of approximately 4 cm. And more generally, where
on the other side sections also formed a similar thing, but only to the top of
the course , the length is about 20 cm and a width of approximately 4 cm as
well. Generally, the outer layer (skin bamboo) are not discarded.
Figure. Etek or Otuk.
Etek or otuk can be
classified to the slit drum, which is played when a person keep his field to
ward off loneliness, and can also be used to repel pests in field crops, such
as monkeys, apes, squirrels and others. Usually this can be found in etek each sopo (‘huts’) in the fields and is often played during the day.
Usually etek or otuk is used to train the rhythm patterns played in gordang sambilan, and in this case there
is a saying "etek do mulo ni gondang".
'Dongung-dongung' is a musical instrument
made from bamboo piece and assembled in such a
manner, resulting in a buzzing sound. Simple tool that consists of a miniature ‘water
wheel’ around 45 cm in diameter. Placed under a bamboo shower water flow from a
fish pond ('repentance'). Rope twisted around its axis. One end tied to the
wooden pegs on the ground, while the other end is connected with a ‘tube’
shaped cylinder made of zinc and the top open.
Tube or 'cylindrical
tube' that hung on the branches of a mango tree growing near repentance (fish
ponds, pond) which is located about 6 meters from the ground. Water flow from
the shower fills 'corners' windmill, so the spinning wheel and its axis. The
result is a 'friction' between the winding rope to the 'axis' spinning. The
presence of friction is what produces the sounds. Then the sound propagating in
a cylindrical tube tightrope toward which serves as a 'resonator'. As a result
of the resonance, we can hear a buzzing sound, which sounds dengungannya it can
reach half a kilometer radius, but its scope is much wider and longer at
night.
Pior is a
sound instrument made of bamboo, wood, nut midrib, and parts of rattan
as a binder. Of a round piece of wood and lightweight (‘ayu atinar’ or ‘goti’)
formed into sheets of wood whose length is approximately 80 cm and width 10 cm, and
made a
hole in its center axis. Then was formed into a sheet of wood windmill 'double
plate', and the two ends tied a pair of powerful sound tool called 'dongung-dongung'. ‘Dongung-dongung’ is made
from a piece of bamboo called 'bulu poring', whose length is about 15 cm from
the 'segment' is intact up to the cut edges taper, and about 3-4 cm in diameter
bamboo.
~
Metallophone, namely: ogung, momongaan or mongmongan, doal, and talisasayat or talisasayat.
Figure. metallophone instruments.
~ Chordofon, namely: gordang tano and gondang bulu.
In
Mandailing turns 'tano' (land) is not
only used as a place to grow crops in the fields, but also used as a major
component of a particular instrument to menghasilkanya musical sound, namely gordang tano. To make gordang tano this hard soil excavated
with a length of 3 meters, a width of 25 centimeters and a depth of 40
centimeters. Pit sealed with a thin plank 2 inches thick, thus the pit serves
as a resonator to produce an resonant sound. Then on both ends of the hole
immersed hardwood pegs, and fine old rattan, which is used as a string, the
horses crossed over the hole was covered with boards.
Figure. Gordang Tano.
With the bat
(stick) for thumb length is about 30 centimeters, as many as five players are
beating the strings with the technique and a certain rhythmic patterns. In this
gordang tano plays, one acts as a 'master'
('leader') who play at the highest sound , while the four other musicians in
front of him who acts as a 'panduai' ('followers').
Other
percussion instruments, namely gondang
bulu, made from bamboo. At the top, skin gouged out to make
the strings (strings) as many as three pieces, stretched with wooden pegs. While the
bottom of the bamboo is cut to throw away the skin. Gondang bulu played by one person with the right hand to the stick
banging strings alternately, while the left hand lapping the bottom that serves
as a 'drum'.
Figure. Gondang bulu.
Gondang bulu is usually played someone (male) in the loom the fields (called
'sopo' as well ‘etek’) to entertain
themselves or expel loneliness. In addition, gondang bulu is also used as a tool for practicing plays rhythm
patterns played in the ensemble of indigenous musical 'gondang dua' (gondang
tortor).
~ Aerofon: suling, salung, sordam, tulila, saleot, and uyup-uyup. The 'song' is often played by brass instruments
include: (a) uyup - uyup; (b) opat-opat; (c) ende panjang; (d) and others .
With one
segment of bamboo, flute made from a length of about 25 cm and a diameter of 2
cm. Flute (end- lown flute ) has 4 (four) tone hole spacing and the same size.
Flute used in conjunction with 'ende'
(singing) ungut-ungut and sitogol. It is also used in the ensemble
to accompany dance custom tortor with
gondang dua.
Salung also made of bamboo with a length of about 35 cm and a
diameter of 2 cm. Salung
(block-flute) has 4 (four tone hole spacing and the same size.
Salung usually used together with 'ende
ungut-ungut' criss-cross, but it is also used as a musical accompaniment 'ende ungut- ungut' if 'ende ungut-ungut' is sung by someone
else.
Sordam made of
bamboo that were smaller and shorter than the flute . Sordam has 4 (four) tone
holes.
Sordam also includes 'block-flute', and is often used for 'markusip', but is often also used in
conjunction with 'ende ungut-ungut'and
'ende sitogol'. Sordam voice is louder than the suling,
Tulila
commonly used by youth in activities markusip. Tulila played near the wall of
the house where the girl child at night so that the girl that craves awakened
from sleep.
Tulila played in this markusip
activity usually also interspersed with chant 'ende-ende' ('poem') when the young man to woo the girls.
Saleot made of small bamboo. Length is about 20 cm in
diameter and 6 to 10 mm. Tone hole by 4 (four), and in the end was given a 'goat
horns' to increase the volume of his voice when blown
Saleot played as an accompanist in ensemble music custom music gordang sambilan and gondang dua.
Uyup-uyup whistle made from a piece of rice that has been cooked. At the
base near the rice stem segments of the whistle was broken rice as a 'cavity' for the
entry of air being blown in the mouth of his players.
To increase
the volume of her voice wrapped around palm leaves at the edges to form a cone
(called 'pokak'). Usually 'uyup-uyup' made of 'whistle rice'
(called 'uyup-uyup durame') is played
when harvesting rice in the fields.
In addition
to 'uyup-uyup durame', there are 'uyup-uyup' made from
a piece of banana tree leaves ('bulung
pisang'), 'bulung kopi', and 'tarutung bolanda'(‘zirzak’). [EN]
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