Cultural elements Mandailing
The name of Mandailing has already known for a long time. Until now, some
information about the name of Mandailing still appears and becomes a hot debate.
There are many arguments about the name and pedigree of Mandailing.
According to Dr. Van Dijk (1926:40) said that the Lubu people placed Mandailing
for the very first time. Then followed by the Hindu of Himalaya to stay. After
not for a long time, the Hindu had to go after being urged by the Lubu who
claimed the land as theirs.
After that, Namora Pande Bosi came and then passed down a kings line of
upper Mandailing (Mandailing Julu) who have family name Lubis and Si Baroar who
passed down the kings of lower Mandailing (Mandailing Godang) who have family
name Nasution.
Before becoming a king of Mandailing Godang, there had been a Kingdom
of Sutan Pulungan in Hutabargot, which then Si Baroar is subjected by the war “
Porang Marugup-ugup” (a very big war and takes a lot of victims).
Besides that, there is a kingdom in Padang Garugur that is Sutan Parampuan Kingdom. This Kingdom also subjected by descendent of Si Baroar, Baginda Mangaraja Enda, and the society of the kingdom escaped to Daludalu.
And the other opinion said that Mandailing came from Mandalay, taking from
the name of city in Burma (now Myanmar); and then changed to become Mandailing.
Mandailing is a region which is very fertile and suitable for farming
and holticulture. it is caused Mandailing becomes very famous and always be a
target of kingdoms to get it.
In the beginning of the story, the Chines, Arabic and European people landed
in Mandailing region through the west coast: Singkuang Port and Natal.
The comer, Hasibuan came via Barumun, while Daulae and Dalimunte entred
via Angkola of the Northern side, meanwhile, the Minang entered via Southern
side. And aslo called, Rangkuti entered from western and stayed in Runding.
Mandailing tribe which is in the next called Mandailing people are the people
who come from Mandailing homeland or hereditaryly come from Mandailing, either
the people who stay in Mandailing region or in other regions.
Geography
Mandailing society is originally in the regency of Mandailing Natal. In
the past, the regency is still joined with the regency of South Tapanuli that
is also lived by the Angkola and Sipirok tribe. Since 1998, Mandailing Natal has
been separated to be single regency, based on the goverment’s role: UU No. 12.
1998 date on 23 November 1998 signed by President B.J. Habibie.
The regency of Mandailing Natal covers an area of approximately about 6.620,7
square kilometers or about 9,24 % wide of North Sumatera Province and the
capital is Panyabungan.
Geographically Mandailing Natal is located between 000 13’30” – 010 20’42” North Latitude 980 50’30” – 990 67’19 East Longitudinal. The land is confined with some areas of regency in North Sumatera:
1.In the Northern side, confines with South Tapanuli.
2.In the western side, confines with Ocean of Indonesia.
3.In the Southern side, confines with West Sumatera Province.
4.In the Eastern side, confines with West Sumatera Provinces.
Topography
Mandailing Natal has a great potencial land resource. The height of
land is varieties between 0 – 2,146 meters above the sea surface, it can be
classified into:
a. Lowland plain, the
width is about 160.500 Ha or 24, 24 % of all areas of Mandailing Natal.
b. Upland plain, the
widht is about 26.385 Ha or 5,49 % of all areas of Mandailing Natal.
c. Hilly plain, the
width is about 112.000 Ha or 16,91 % of all areas of Mandailing Natal.
d. Mountainous plain,
the width is about 353.185 Ha or 53,34 % of all areas of Mandailing Natal.
Geology
The Mandailing Natal areas are supported by the land condition which are
fertile and wide, and are suitable for the farming area. By the condition of
the land, such as:
a. Dark Regosal, the
width about 84.000 Ha, is suitable for coconut commodity.
b. Brown Aluvial, the
width about 16.000 Ha, is sutable for the rice planting, rubber and also
coconut.
c. Dark Hydromofile,
the width about 12.800 Ha, is suitable for rice planting.
d. Brown Limed Land,
the width about 18.500 Ha
e. Brown Latosal, the
width about 29.100 Ha, is suitable for rice planting, shepherding.
f. Reddish Brown
Latosal, the width about 23.800 Ha, is sutable for rice planting, rubber and
second crop.
g. Yellowish Red
Padsolik and Yellowish Brown Padsolik, the width about 76.900 Ha, is sutable
for rice planting, oil palm, salak, shepherding.
h. Gle Orgonosal
Topsoil, the width about 80.900 Ha, is suitable for coconut and rubber.
i. Yellowish Red
Padsolik and Litosol, the width about 113. 710 Ha, is suitable for rice
planting, oil palm, second crop, and shepherding.
j. Yellowish Red
Padsolik Latosal and Litosol, the width about 281.470 Ha, is sutable for rice
planting, oil palm, and shepherding.
k. Brown Padsolik and
Yellowish Brown Padsolik, the width about 16.200 Ha, is suitable for rice
planting, second crop and wood.
Besides that, the land conditions in Mandailing Natal are commonly used
for:
a. Village/Regency is
about 2.602 Ha or 0,39 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
b. Farming is about
28.151 Ha or 4, 25 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
c. Horticulture is
about 228.638 Ha or 34,53 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
d. Woods is about
292.502 Ha or 44,18 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
e. Grass land is about
28.485 Ha or 11,80 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
f. Lake and swamp is
about 2.900 Ha or 0,44 % of the Mandailing Natal area.
g. Quartz mine field
is about 78.138 Ha or 11,80% of the Mandailing Natal area
h. Transmigration area
is about 10.250 Ha or1,55% of the Mandailing Natal area
Demography
The population of Mandailing Natal is about 352.973 (cencus of 1999) with
density 53 person/km2. Most of them lived in rural area, around the state street
and province or regency street.
Hydrology
The hydrology condition of Mandailing Natal is marked by big rivers stream
like Batang Gadis River and Batang Natal River, swamps and lakes in generally
are used by people to fill their requirement.
The Religion and Beliefs
Mandailing people almost 100 % are Moslems, because of that Islam has a
big influence in custom ceremonies. Even in death ceremony and hereditary law most
of them only use Islamic regulations.
In Mandailing there is one philosophy which said “Hombar do Adat Dohot
Ibadat“, it means Adat and Ibadat (worship) can not be separated, and Adat or
costum is never opposite with the rules of the religion. And if there is a thing
in the traditional ceremonies againts the worship, it has to be ignored.
Before the era of Islam, Mandailing’s custom is influenced by Animism which worship ghost. Islam came to Mandailing and it will influence costum and Mandailing etnich such worship to ghost existing Animism era. It is assumed to be contradicted with Islam, and gradually it is eliminated. Mandailing people are very fanatic with Islam, the custom that before was an animism now has changed to Islamic regulation.
How Islam came to Mandailing region. The are some versions according to
history, that is:
a. Islam which came
from West Sumatera through Rao go to Mandailing.
According to
Nasution (1920:76) “ arrival of Islam to South Tapanuli is from West Sumatera
(Minangkabau) by the army of Padri, on Ramadhan 1231 H or 1816 M ”. Islam which
brought by Padri is a extreme Islam. They did not compromise with the kingdom
of Mandailing. Because of Padri at the time is very powerful, so some of the
kingdoms of Mandailing joined with Belanda to dissipating Paderi from
Mandailing area. And the kings of Mandailing.
b. Islam which came
from Natal that was brought by Syekh Abd. Malik who was famous with Baleo
Natal. One time a courier of Yang Dipertuan Huta Siantar Panyabungan comes to
Syekh Abdul Fatah to ask him to became a religion teacher in Huta Siantar. But
because of every thing he can not granting the asking, and he ask his belief
pupil, that is Syekh Abdul Malik. After Syekh Abdul Malik there in Huta
Siantar, he teached and developed Islam with his students that came from around
of Huta Siantar of Panyabungan. The thing which he gave gets a plus from
Kingdom and society, so he did not only teach in Huta Siantar and Panyabungan,
but also until to Padangsidimpuan and Sipirok.
The
Language
The Mandailing Language is still used by Mandailing people until now either
in Mandailing region or in other regions wherever they live in application of
communication among ethnic humanities Mandailing.
The Mandailing language has patois and accent (rhythm) which is very gentle
and brought by smooth voice, as according to the usage of Mandailing language
consist five levels, that is:
- Language of custom
(Bahasa adat), the language which is used when custom ceremonies.
- Language of
Andung, the language which is used in sorrowed time.
- Language of
Parkapur, the language which is used when in forest.
- Language of Na
Biaso, the language which is used in daily live.
- Languge of Bura,
the language which is used in wroth time.
According to Van Der Tuuk (a linguistic expert), he said that the Mandailing language is devided into five kinds:
a. Hata
Somal i ma na niparkasajahon
ari-ari
The language is
used by Mandailng people in daily conversation.
b. Hata
andoeng di hatiha siloeloeton
The language
which is used by Mandailing people when mourned the mortal in death ceremony,
and also used by the girl when she mourned in front of her parents when she
will leave them to go to her prospective husband’s house.
c. Hata
teas dohot djampolak di hatiha
parbadaan
The language is
used especially on the happening of bad things (fight or quarrel).
d. Hata
si baso hatiha ni hadatoean
The language is
used by figure Si Baso (shaman) when he is in trance situation when treat his
patient.
e. Hata
parkapoer hatiha di harangan
The language is used when a person in the forest. In the past,
it is used by the Mandailing people who go to forest to search champor. That’s
why this language is named Hata Parkapur.
The
Script
Mandailing tribe has script which is named Huruf Tulak-tulak. In the past,
the script is particularly used to write down medical science, magic formula (mantera-mantera), astronomy and
Andung-andung (lament) in the book which is made from bark or some joint
bambooes. The book is named Pustaha.
This Huruf Tulak-Tulak has 21
based letter so-called with Induk ni Surat. This Huruf Tulak-Tulak now has
started to lose and not developed again by the next generation.
The
Literature
Mandailing tribe has a traditional literature which consist of poetry
and prose. Most of that in the form of oral literature, but there is also
written, like Andung-Andung (lament) or grief story which is written down at
joint bambooes.
In Mandailing literature there are two kinds of most popular prose, they are Turiturian and Hobarna. Most of Turi-turian in the form of myth and legend. Poetry in Mandailing literature is called Ende-Ende. Most of it in form of poem (pantun) and rhyme (syair).
The literature of Mandailing tribe is not only limited in form of traditional
literature, but there is also in form of non-tradisional (modern) literature,
that is novel which was written and published until 1930s.
The
Mandailing Custom
The Mandailing people still applyed their Mandailing custom either in their
daily life or in their custom ceremonies untill now. The Mandailing custom is
based on Dalian Na Tolu.
The
character of Mandailing people
The caracter of Mandailing people are very pleasure going abroad (merantau),
religious, critical, easy to adapt, and have big shyness (Parsulaha).
~0~
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar